Yesterday, a work party went to the remote HF station of the Utah Amateur radio club to install a new antenna for the lower HF bands. At the site was an existing G5RV-type antenna which provided coverage on 80, 40, 20 and 10 meters (more or less) but it didn't provide 160 meter coverage (mostly useful during winter months, after sunset) and this G5RV was not taking full advantage of the 65 foot tower on site being anchored to a point roughly halfway up.
Taking this on as a project, former Utahn/club member Mike, WA7ARK, decided to take advantage of his recent research, simulating and real-world testing of multi-band end-fed half-wave antennas 1 and suggested a 160 meter end-fed half-wave wire: If it worked as expected, it would provide useful coverage over a portion of the 160 meter band, much of 80/75 meters, 60 meters and 40 meters. It might be useful on a few higher bands, but because this was not part of the original intent, such usefulness would be incidental.
In short, the 1/2 half-wave antenna is around 260 feet of wire fed at roughly the 0.45 wavelength by a 1:7 broadband transformer to provide a 49-fold impedance transformation. When done properly, this combination can provide a reasonably 50 ohm match on the first 3 or 4 half-wave multiples, (e.g. 160 meters=1/2 wave, 80 meters=2/2 wave, 60 meters=3/2 wave, 40 meters=4/2 wave.) Much above this the antenna was expected to lose effectiveness - at least in part due to the higher-order multiples, but also with the transformer "running out of steam" at the higher frequencies.
But I digress...
No antenna is useful without some sort of feedline. At the top of this tower was already-mounted a VHF/UHF fiberglass vertical fed with 1/2 Heliax (tm) hardline. Rather than going through the trouble of running yet another feedline - which would be possible, but probably take more time than we'd have in just one day of our work party - I decided to construct a device that would allow this one feedline - which would be lower-loss than, say, RG-8 style coaxial cable: Because we'd be "force feeding" the antenna at impedances other than 50 ohms to attain greater operational bandwidth there was incentive to use the lowest-loss transmission line possible.
A "high/low" diplexer:
The solution to this problem is to employ a diplexer - a device that will take the signals from a common port and send high frequencies to the second port and low frequencies to the third port. In this case, I started out with the basic design goals:
As expected, bridging the two filters at a common point "messes up" the response a bit - but for a circuit as simple as this, some experiment tweaking of values is all that is really needed. Once I was satisfied with the result, I constructed one of these devices and analyzed it with my (relatively newly-acquire) DG8SAQ VNA to assess both the insertion loss and the matching.
The response for "6 meters and below" is as follows:
At this point I should mention that the need for this filter arose rather suddenly: About two weeks ago, we had taken inventory of what feedlines were available and knew that we would be "short one" - and in the likely event that we (probably) would have the time to run a new one, I designed this filter - and a duplicate (one of these is required for each "end" of the cable!) - over the course of two evenings. Had I more time, I'm sure that I could have tweaked values a bit and reduced the insertion loss even more.
Moving the VNA to the VHF/UHF port and putting the load on the HF+6 meter port, I ran another sweep which looks like this:
The capacitors used are NP0/C0G type ceramic disk, each rated for at least 1kV and the inductors themselves are wound using tin-plated 12 AWG copper wire. (See the diagram below for more details.) It is expected that this device should be able to handle at least 1kW on HF and 6 meters and 100 watts on 2 meters and 70cm.
Had I more time to build this device - and were it absolutely necessary to reduce the insertion loss even more - I would have done more tweaking of the capacitor and inductor values 2. While the insertion loss on the VHF/UHF port is gratifyingly low, it would have no doubt been even lower if surface-mount capacitors and 50 ohm strip-line had been employed. Finally, this device could have been constructed in an enclosure of about 1/3rd this size - particularly if a circuit board had been made along with a bit of clever arrangement of the components - but I used what I had in the time that I had.
Diagram:
The schematic diagram of the as-built filter along with some component information is depicted in Figure 5, below:
All of the capacitors are of the low-loss NP0 (a.k.a. C0G) type and no other type of ceramic capacitor should be used. If desired, Mica capacitors may also be used: These may offer slightly lower losses - particularly on VHF and UHF - but they are typically much more expensive. If only low powers are expected (less than 25 watts) then 50 volt capacitors will suffice, but if a full 100 watts is anticipated on HF - particularly if a radio's built-in antenna tuner is used - that C1, C2 and also C3 (which "sees" the HF energy) be rated for at least 500 volts. For VHF/UHF power levels up through 50 watts or so, 100 volt capacitors are adequate for C4 and C5.
It should go without saying that the junction between J1, C3 and the end of L1 be kept as short and compact as possible as poor construction practices here - and with the remaining components in the VHF/UHF path - will result in higher losses. It is recommended that when constructing this circuit on a ground plane such as a piece of un-etched circuit board material (as seen in Figure 4) that all of the VHF/UHF branch components be laid as close to the ground substrate as possible: If one wishes to etch a circuit board, a 50 ohm strip line would be appropriate.
* * *
In use:
A pair of these devices were installed yesterday at the remote radio site: One located atop the tower near the feedpoints of the VHF/UHF and the HF antennas and the other indoors, where the feedline enters the building where one cable goes to the HF-6M transceiver and the other goes to the 2 meter/70cm dual band.
At least with moderate VSWR levels (e.g. up to 4:1 or so) the components within this diplexer should have minimal effect on matching - at least on the lower HF bands. Because the "new" antenna was designed for operation from 160 through 40 meters, the diplexer should be more or less "invisible" over this VSWR range - which is also about as much range as radios' built-in tuners can typically handle, anyway. Although no scientific testing was done, there was no discernible effect on the operation of the VHF/UHF radio system.
For the diplexer located atop the tower, three small drain holes were drilled in the side facing downwards and in addition to the connectors (all N-type, which are ostensibly weatherproof) being sealed with appropriate methods, a bead of silicone was run along the seam of the die-cast box that was facing upwards. These precautions should prevent moisture from accumulating in the box and based on past experience, it should experience a long service life.
* * *
Footnotes:
1 - Mike's recent experimentation has been with end-fed half-wave antenna. While the traditional end-fed antenna (e.g. a "Zepp") has been used for about a century, this differs from the traditional implementation by using a combination of a broadband matching transformer to match to the high impedance "near" the end of the 1/2 wave section so that, unlike a traditional Zepp, it will work on multiple bands' half-wave harmonic multiples - and the use of this transformer has the added advantage of providing a DC ground for the wire.
The strategic placement of this transformer along with a short "tail" of cable connected to the transformer and appropriate feedline decoupling, multi-band operation without inducing currents along the feedline itself, yielding performance very similar to that of a 1/2 wave dipole at its fundamental frequency while allowing operation on more harmonic frequencies than is typically possible with a standard center-fed dipole. The transformer that was used was supplied by "myantennas.com" and was designed for the 160-40 meter frequency range.
The use of an end-fed half wave can, in some instances, be advantageous over a dipole since, unlike a dipole, there are only two "ends" that may need to be supported which may be more convenient in instances where there is a single elevated structure for attachment while avoiding the weight and sag of a feedpoint (which may include a balun) that might be located mid-span. Its relatively high feedpoint impedance can, if the antenna is properly installed, reduce the amount of current flowing in other structures (e.g. the tower itself, the feedline) as compared to an antenna like a "sloper" and both reduce the probability of RFI being caused by transmitted energy as well as interference conducted from the ham shack's electrical system, onto the feedline and antenna.
2 - A VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) is pretty much the ideal tool for characterizing a device like this, but satisfactory results could have been obtained using simpler devices. Insertion loss could be measured using a pair of known-accurate watt/VSWR meters with one on the input and another on the output of the "leg" of the filter, terminating the meter on the output side with a known-good 50 ohm load. Spot-checks would be done on frequencies - such as on the band nearest the edge (e.g. 6 meters and 2 meters for the low and high sides, respectively) as well as the "next" bands over (10 meters and 70cm.) Iterative measurements of best VSWR and lowest measured losses should get one "pretty darn close" to optimum.
Similarly, one could use the meter on the input to monitor for changes in the VSWR,
* * *
This page stolen from ka7oei.blogspot.com
[End]
Figure 1: The exterior of the completed diplexer designed to allow HF+6 meters to co-habitate with 2 meters and 70cm on the same feedline. Click on the image for a larger version. |
Taking this on as a project, former Utahn/club member Mike, WA7ARK, decided to take advantage of his recent research, simulating and real-world testing of multi-band end-fed half-wave antennas 1 and suggested a 160 meter end-fed half-wave wire: If it worked as expected, it would provide useful coverage over a portion of the 160 meter band, much of 80/75 meters, 60 meters and 40 meters. It might be useful on a few higher bands, but because this was not part of the original intent, such usefulness would be incidental.
In short, the 1/2 half-wave antenna is around 260 feet of wire fed at roughly the 0.45 wavelength by a 1:7 broadband transformer to provide a 49-fold impedance transformation. When done properly, this combination can provide a reasonably 50 ohm match on the first 3 or 4 half-wave multiples, (e.g. 160 meters=1/2 wave, 80 meters=2/2 wave, 60 meters=3/2 wave, 40 meters=4/2 wave.) Much above this the antenna was expected to lose effectiveness - at least in part due to the higher-order multiples, but also with the transformer "running out of steam" at the higher frequencies.
But I digress...
No antenna is useful without some sort of feedline. At the top of this tower was already-mounted a VHF/UHF fiberglass vertical fed with 1/2 Heliax (tm) hardline. Rather than going through the trouble of running yet another feedline - which would be possible, but probably take more time than we'd have in just one day of our work party - I decided to construct a device that would allow this one feedline - which would be lower-loss than, say, RG-8 style coaxial cable: Because we'd be "force feeding" the antenna at impedances other than 50 ohms to attain greater operational bandwidth there was incentive to use the lowest-loss transmission line possible.
A "high/low" diplexer:
The solution to this problem is to employ a diplexer - a device that will take the signals from a common port and send high frequencies to the second port and low frequencies to the third port. In this case, I started out with the basic design goals:
- Use an inductor-input low-pass filter set comfortably above the 6 meter band - say at 65 MHz.
- A capacitor-input high-pass filter set comfortably below the 2 meter band - say, 130 MHz.
As expected, bridging the two filters at a common point "messes up" the response a bit - but for a circuit as simple as this, some experiment tweaking of values is all that is really needed. Once I was satisfied with the result, I constructed one of these devices and analyzed it with my (relatively newly-acquire) DG8SAQ VNA to assess both the insertion loss and the matching.
The response for "6 meters and below" is as follows:
At this point I should mention that the need for this filter arose rather suddenly: About two weeks ago, we had taken inventory of what feedlines were available and knew that we would be "short one" - and in the likely event that we (probably) would have the time to run a new one, I designed this filter - and a duplicate (one of these is required for each "end" of the cable!) - over the course of two evenings. Had I more time, I'm sure that I could have tweaked values a bit and reduced the insertion loss even more.
Moving the VNA to the VHF/UHF port and putting the load on the HF+6 meter port, I ran another sweep which looks like this:
The capacitors used are NP0/C0G type ceramic disk, each rated for at least 1kV and the inductors themselves are wound using tin-plated 12 AWG copper wire. (See the diagram below for more details.) It is expected that this device should be able to handle at least 1kW on HF and 6 meters and 100 watts on 2 meters and 70cm.
Had I more time to build this device - and were it absolutely necessary to reduce the insertion loss even more - I would have done more tweaking of the capacitor and inductor values 2. While the insertion loss on the VHF/UHF port is gratifyingly low, it would have no doubt been even lower if surface-mount capacitors and 50 ohm strip-line had been employed. Finally, this device could have been constructed in an enclosure of about 1/3rd this size - particularly if a circuit board had been made along with a bit of clever arrangement of the components - but I used what I had in the time that I had.
Diagram:
The schematic diagram of the as-built filter along with some component information is depicted in Figure 5, below:
All of the capacitors are of the low-loss NP0 (a.k.a. C0G) type and no other type of ceramic capacitor should be used. If desired, Mica capacitors may also be used: These may offer slightly lower losses - particularly on VHF and UHF - but they are typically much more expensive. If only low powers are expected (less than 25 watts) then 50 volt capacitors will suffice, but if a full 100 watts is anticipated on HF - particularly if a radio's built-in antenna tuner is used - that C1, C2 and also C3 (which "sees" the HF energy) be rated for at least 500 volts. For VHF/UHF power levels up through 50 watts or so, 100 volt capacitors are adequate for C4 and C5.
It should go without saying that the junction between J1, C3 and the end of L1 be kept as short and compact as possible as poor construction practices here - and with the remaining components in the VHF/UHF path - will result in higher losses. It is recommended that when constructing this circuit on a ground plane such as a piece of un-etched circuit board material (as seen in Figure 4) that all of the VHF/UHF branch components be laid as close to the ground substrate as possible: If one wishes to etch a circuit board, a 50 ohm strip line would be appropriate.
* * *
In use:
A pair of these devices were installed yesterday at the remote radio site: One located atop the tower near the feedpoints of the VHF/UHF and the HF antennas and the other indoors, where the feedline enters the building where one cable goes to the HF-6M transceiver and the other goes to the 2 meter/70cm dual band.
At least with moderate VSWR levels (e.g. up to 4:1 or so) the components within this diplexer should have minimal effect on matching - at least on the lower HF bands. Because the "new" antenna was designed for operation from 160 through 40 meters, the diplexer should be more or less "invisible" over this VSWR range - which is also about as much range as radios' built-in tuners can typically handle, anyway. Although no scientific testing was done, there was no discernible effect on the operation of the VHF/UHF radio system.
For the diplexer located atop the tower, three small drain holes were drilled in the side facing downwards and in addition to the connectors (all N-type, which are ostensibly weatherproof) being sealed with appropriate methods, a bead of silicone was run along the seam of the die-cast box that was facing upwards. These precautions should prevent moisture from accumulating in the box and based on past experience, it should experience a long service life.
* * *
Footnotes:
1 - Mike's recent experimentation has been with end-fed half-wave antenna. While the traditional end-fed antenna (e.g. a "Zepp") has been used for about a century, this differs from the traditional implementation by using a combination of a broadband matching transformer to match to the high impedance "near" the end of the 1/2 wave section so that, unlike a traditional Zepp, it will work on multiple bands' half-wave harmonic multiples - and the use of this transformer has the added advantage of providing a DC ground for the wire.
The strategic placement of this transformer along with a short "tail" of cable connected to the transformer and appropriate feedline decoupling, multi-band operation without inducing currents along the feedline itself, yielding performance very similar to that of a 1/2 wave dipole at its fundamental frequency while allowing operation on more harmonic frequencies than is typically possible with a standard center-fed dipole. The transformer that was used was supplied by "myantennas.com" and was designed for the 160-40 meter frequency range.
The use of an end-fed half wave can, in some instances, be advantageous over a dipole since, unlike a dipole, there are only two "ends" that may need to be supported which may be more convenient in instances where there is a single elevated structure for attachment while avoiding the weight and sag of a feedpoint (which may include a balun) that might be located mid-span. Its relatively high feedpoint impedance can, if the antenna is properly installed, reduce the amount of current flowing in other structures (e.g. the tower itself, the feedline) as compared to an antenna like a "sloper" and both reduce the probability of RFI being caused by transmitted energy as well as interference conducted from the ham shack's electrical system, onto the feedline and antenna.
2 - A VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) is pretty much the ideal tool for characterizing a device like this, but satisfactory results could have been obtained using simpler devices. Insertion loss could be measured using a pair of known-accurate watt/VSWR meters with one on the input and another on the output of the "leg" of the filter, terminating the meter on the output side with a known-good 50 ohm load. Spot-checks would be done on frequencies - such as on the band nearest the edge (e.g. 6 meters and 2 meters for the low and high sides, respectively) as well as the "next" bands over (10 meters and 70cm.) Iterative measurements of best VSWR and lowest measured losses should get one "pretty darn close" to optimum.
Similarly, one could use the meter on the input to monitor for changes in the VSWR,
* * *
This page stolen from ka7oei.blogspot.com
[End]